Recombinant factor X with no glycosylation and method for preparing the same

ABSTRACT

A Factor X (hereinafter referred to as “FX”) with a high activity is provided. The present invention relates to a method for efficiently preparing a recombinant, two-chain FX which comprises intervening glycosylation at such an amino acid sequence that is essential for glycosylation in FX to thereby allow for expression of a recombinant FX with no glycosylation, and the recombinant FX with no glycosylation obtained by said method.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 12/682,445 filed Apr. 9, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,173,777, which is a National Stage Entry of PCT/JP08/68271 filed Oct. 8, 2008.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a recombinant Factor X (hereinafter also referred to as “FX”) that may be expressed as a two-chain protein where a high enzymatic activity and an efficient recombinant expression are possible. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for efficiently preparing a two-chain, recombinant FX by intervening glycosylation at such an amino acid sequence that is essential for glycosylation, said amino acid sequence being present within an activation peptide domain of FX, to allow for expression of a recombinant FX with no glycosylation for improving expression efficiency.

BACKGROUND ART

It is widely known that FX is a vitamin K dependent blood coagulation factor. Like the other vitamin K dependent factors, FX possesses a Gla domain consisting of 11 γ-carboxyglutamic acids (hereinafter also referred to as “Gla”) in the amino acid sequence beginning from the N-terminal to the 39th residue (Non-patent reference 1). In vitro, FX is converted into activated Factor X (hereinafter also referred to as “FXa”) by an activated Factor VII (hereinafter also referred to as “FVIIa”) or an activated Factor IX (hereinafter also referred to as “FIXa”). FX is used for the treatment of hemophilia patients with inhibitor where an inhibitor to FVIII or FIX is produced as a consequence of substitution therapy with said FVIII or FIX.

Human FX, in the course of its biosynthesis, is subject to posttranslational modification such as generation of Gla, cleavage of a prepro sequence (the sequence of FX after this cleavage is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1), .beta.-hydroxylation of aspartic acid at position 63 in SEQ ID NO: 1, asparagine-type glycosylation at positions 181 and 191, serine/threonine-type glycosylation at positions 159, 171 and 443, and the like. It is thought that FX, after being synthesized as a single-chain protein, is subject to limited degradation with furin, a signal peptidase, at the cleavage motif Arg-Arg-Lys-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 18) at positions 139 to 142 in SEQ ID NO: 1 to thereby secrete a two-chain protein.

For expression of a recombinant FX, the expression as a two-chain protein is the most important. It is known that a recombinant expression from an expression vector to which cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 3) encoding the amino acid sequence of FX (the amino acid sequence of FX including the prepro sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2) is simply ligated results in expressed products, most of which are secreted into culture supernatant as a single-chain protein and which have a low specific activity.

In general, in recombinant factors, their expression level is often the matter. For genetic recombination of Factor X in the present invention, in addition to its expression level, the process for generating a two-chain protein was thought to be a rate-determining (Non-patent reference 2). In Non-patent reference 2, Himmelspach et al. co-expressed FX with furin so as to promote generation of a two-chain protein with as high an expression level of FX as 120 μg/ml or more but with a low activity of 25%.

-   Non-patent reference 1: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 3:     2633-2648 (2005) -   Non-patent reference 2: Thrombosis Research 97: 51-67 (2000)

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem to be Solved by the Invention

A problem to be solved by the present invention is to prepare and provide a recombinant, two-chain FX with a high activity.

Means for Solving the Problems

Under the circumstances, the present inventors have assiduously investigated so as to prepare a recombinant, two-chain FX with a high activity, and as a result, having regard to a sugar chain of FX, have succeeded in preparing a secreted, two-chain. FX by intervening glycosylation, to thereby complete the present invention.

Thus, the present invention includes the following (1) to (13):

(1) A method for efficiently preparing a recombinant, two-chain Factor X (hereinafter also referred to as “FX”) which comprises intervening glycosylation at such an amino acid sequence that is essential for glycosylation in FX to thereby allow for expression of a recombinant FX with no glycosylation. (2) The method of (1) above wherein the recombinant FX with no glycosylation is a recombinant FX with no glycosylation at asparagine at position 181 (Asn181) and/or asparagine at position 191 (Asn191) in SEQ ID NO: 1. (3) The method of (2) above wherein the recombinant FX with no glycosylation at Asn181 and/or Asn191 is obtained by substituting Asn181 and/or Asn191 with a protein-constituting amino acid other than Asn. (4) The method of (2) above wherein the recombinant FX with no glycosylation at Asn181 and/or Asn191 is obtained by substituting threonine at position 183 (Thr183) and/or threonine at position 193 (Thr193) with a protein-constituting amino acid other than threonine (Thr) or serine (Ser). (5) The method of (1) above wherein intervening glycosylation at such an amino acid sequence that is essential for glycosylation in FX is carried out by adding an inhibitor to glycosyltransferase during cell culture. (6) The method of (5) above wherein the inhibitor to glycosyltransferase is tunicamycin, RNAi, or an antisense DNA. (7) The method of (1) above wherein intervening glycosylation at such an amino acid sequence that is essential for glycosylation in FX is carried out by using a glycosyltransferase-deficient cell strain as a host cell. (8) A recombinant FX with no glycosylation obtained by the method of any of (1) to (7) above. (9) A gene fragment comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the recombinant FX with no glycosylation of (8) above. (10) An expression vector comprising the gene fragment of (9) above. (11) A transformed cell in which the expression vector of (10) above is introduced. (12) A pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant FX with no glycosylation of (8) above as an active ingredient. (13) A therapeutic agent effective for the treatment of a hemophilia patient comprising the pharmaceutical composition of (12) above.

More Efficacious Effects than Prior Art

The recombinant FX with no glycosylation obtained in accordance with the present invention may efficiently be expressed as a two-chain protein. Accordingly, the recombinant FX of the present invention may be used as a medicament quite useful for substitution therapy to hemophilia patients, in particular, those patients possessing an inhibitor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows results of Western blot with antibodies to various recombinant FXs obtained by the present invention, showing expression patterns of the recombinant FXs in culture supernatant with BHK cells as a host. Lane 1: Variant supernatant (D63A) where aspartic acid at position 63 is substituted with alanine; Lane 2: Variant supernatant (T159A) where threonine at position 159 is substituted with alanine; Lane 3: Variant supernatant (T171A) where threonine at position 171 is substituted with alanine; Lane 4: Variant supernatant (N181A) where asparagine at position 181 is substituted with alanine; Lane 5: Variant supernatant (N191A) where asparagine at position 191 is substituted with alanine; Lane 6: Variant supernatant (T443A) where threonine at position 443 is substituted with alanine; Lane 7: Wild-type recombinant FX supernatant; and Lane 8: Negative control supernatant.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present inventors have focused on sites of posttranslational modification such as glycosylation and carried out amino acid substitution in FX to successfully prepare a recombinant FX having a high enzymatic activity. The recombinant FX according to the present invention is explained in detail hereinbelow.

In general, asparagine-type glycosylation is initiated at the site: Asn-X-Thr/Ser where X is any amino acid other than Pro by various glycosyltransferases in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by further modification in the Golgi body (Molecular Biology of The Cell 2nd edition, Chapter 8, Bruce Alberts et al. Garland Publishing, Inc.). Accordingly, the Asn or Thr/Ser may be substituted with other amino acids for intervening glycosylation to allow for efficient generation of a two-chain, recombinant FX and expression of the recombinant FX having a high activity.

For an amino acid to be used the purpose of amino acid substitution, alanine (Ala) is selected herein by way of example but any amino acid may be used insofar as it does not cause any significant disturbance such as loss of an enzymatic activity.

The variant with glycosylation being intervened may be obtained by using genetic recombination technique. A host cell is preferably a eukaryote such as animal cells. The variant of the present invention may be obtained by incorporating cDNA encoding an amino acid sequence of the variants into a suitable expression vector, transfecting a host cell with the vector, cloning cells that express the desired gene, culturing the obtained stable culture cells, followed by purification.

In addition to amino acid substitution, asparagine-type glycosylation may also be intervened by adding an inhibitor to glycosyltransferase such as tunicamycin to a culture medium of cells (Current Protocols in Protein Science VOL. 2 Chapter 12, John E. Coligan et al. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).

Furthermore, intervention of asparagine-type glycosylation may also be possible by intervening expression of glycosyltransferase by the use of RNAi, an antisense DNA, and the like.

Besides, the glycosylation may also be intervened by using a glycosyltransferase-deficient cell strain as a host cell.

The FX variant of the present invention may be formulated into a pharmaceutical formulation for use in therapy, diagnosis, and the like. For preparing a formulation for intravenous administration, the composition may usually be dissolved in an aqueous solution containing a physiologically acceptable substance, e.g. sodium chloride, glycine, etc. and having a buffered pH acceptable to physiological conditions. To ensure long-term stability, a lyophilized form of the formulation may also be considered as a final dosage form. Guidelines for a composition for intravenous administration are established by government regulations such as “Minimum Requirements for Biological Products”.

Specific use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the FX variant of the present invention may include the use for the treatment of hemophilia patients with inhibitor where an inhibitor to FVIII or FIX is produced as a consequence of substitution therapy with said FVIII or FIX.

EXAMPLE

The present invention is explained by means of the following Examples but should not be construed to be limited thereto. In Examples, the variants were those expressed in culture supernatant of animal cells (BHK). Reagents for genetic recombination were purchased from TAKARA SHUZO CO., LTD., TOYOBO, Perkin Elmer Applied, and New England Biolabs unless otherwise instructed.

Example 1 Cloning of FX cDNA

A human liver cDNA library (OriGene Technologies) was purchased. Based on a cDNA sequence (shown in SEQ ID NO: 3) encoding an amino acid sequence of FX comprising a prepro sequence as known in literatures (Molecular Basis of Thrombosia and Hemostasis edited by K. A. High and H. R. Roberts, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1995), PCR was performed using a sense primer for FX synthesis with addition of SalI site (FX-S); GGCGTCGACCCACCATGGATGGGGCGCCCACTGCACCTC (SEQ ID NO: 10) and an antisense primer with addition of XhoI site (FX-AS): CTCGAGTTATCACTTTAATGGAGAGGA (SEQ ID NO: 11) and the PCR products were cloned into a commercially available cloning vector pCRII (Invitrogen). DNA sequencing was conducted as ordinary to confirm the presence of the sequence known in the literatures.

Example 2 Preparation of FX Expression Vector

The expression vector pCAGG (Japanese Patent No. 2824434) was digested with SalI and was ligated thereto the DNA fragment prepared in Example 1 which comprises the sequence encoding FX and has been cleaved with SalI/XhoI. E. coli JM109 cells were transformed with the resulting vector and cultured on LB agar medium supplemented with ampicillin to select transformed E. coli cells. Colonies as observed were cultured overnight on a commercially available medium and the expression plasmid of interest was extracted and purified to prepare “pCAGFX”. DNA sequencing was conducted for the expression vector to confirm the presence of the gene sequence of interest.

Example 3 Introduction of Mutation

The FX cDNA as described in Example 1 was digested with restriction enzymes SalI/XhoI and the fragments were extracted and cloned into pKF vector contained in Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit Mutan-Super Express Km manufactured by TaKaRa. 5′-Phospohrilated synthetic DNA primers (Table 1) were prepared in accordance with the annex of the kit and were used to produce six variants in total with alanine substitution at the charged amino acid of interest. For all the variants, the sequence was confirmed with an automatic DNA sequencer (Beckman Coulter K. K.).

TABLE 1 Primer Sequence of primer SEQ ID NO: D63A-S AAATGTAAAGCCGGCCTCGGG 12 T159A-S GACAGCATCGCATGGAAGCCA 13 T171A-S CTGGACCCCGCCGAGAACCCC 14 N181A-S CTTGACTTCGCCCAGACGCAG 15 N191A-S GGCGACAACGCCCTCACCAGG 16 T443A-S GAGGTCATAGCGTCCTCTCCA 17

Example 4 Preparation of Variant Expression Vector

The expression vector pCAGG (Japanese Patent No. 2824434) was digested with SalI and was ligated thereto the fragment prepared in Example 3 which comprises the point mutation in the sequence encoding FX and has been cleaved with SalI/XhoI. E. coli JM109 cells were transformed with the resulting vector and cultured on LB agar medium supplemented with ampicillin to select transformed E. coli cells. Colonies as observed were cultured overnight on a commercially available medium and the expression plasmids of interest were extracted and purified.

Example 5 Expression of Variants in Culture Supernatant

With the variant FX expression vectors obtained in Example 4, gene transfection was performed to BHK cells using a commercially available lipofectin reagent (TransIT; TaKaRa) and transient expression culture supernatant was collected on Day 3 after the transfection. The supernatant was concentrated 10-fold with Centricon YM-10 (Millipore) and the expression level was quantified with a commercially available ELISA kit (Funakoshi Co., Ltd.) for FX quantification (Table 2).

Example 6 Measurement of Coagulation Activity of Variants

A coagulation activity of the variants was measured as ordinary by a coagulation approach using FX deficient plasma. Each of the purified variants were diluted to 10 ng/ml to 10 μg/ml with a Veronal buffer (28.5 mM sodium barbital, 125.6 mM NaCl, pH 7.35), mixed with FX deficient plasma, and after incubation at 37° C., added with an APTT reagent and then with 0.025 M calcium chloride solution to initiate a coagulation reaction. A coagulation time was measured and a coagulation activity was calculated from a standard curve and a dilution rate (Table 2). In addition, the coagulation activity was converted into the activity per protein level (Example 5; measured by ELISA) to give a specific activity (Table 2). As a result, among the FX variants of the present invention were those variants (N181A, N191A) that showed a higher expression level and a higher coagulation activity than those of FX from plasma or a wild-type recombinant FX (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Coagulation Expression activity Specific Ratio to FX Variant level*² (ng/mL) activity*³ from plasma*⁴ A*¹ — — 1  1 (3.0) B*¹ 568 189 0.33 0.33 (1)   C*¹ 361 49 0.14 0.14 (0.42) D*¹ 504 302 0.60 0.60 (1.82) E*¹ 568 29 0.05 0.05 (0.15) F*¹ 959 517 0.54 0.54 (1.64) G*¹ 1036 2554 2.47 2.47 (7.48) H*¹ 547 358 0.65 0.65 (1.97) *¹A: Standard FX from plasma; B: Wild-type recombinant FX; C: D63A variant (SEQ ID NO: 4); D: T159A variant (SEQ ID NO: 5); E: T171A variant (SEQ ID NO: 6); F: N181A variant (SEQ ID NO: 7); G: N191A variant (SEQ ID NO: 8); H: T443A variant (SEQ ID NO: 9) *²ELISA (ng/mL) *³Coagulation activity/ELISA *⁴(Ratio to wild-type recombinant)

Example 7 Western Blot of Recombinant FXs

The enzymes of the present invention were detected by Western blot using ordinary procedures (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology: Chapter 10 analysis of proteins, Chapter 11 immunology, and the like). Specifically, the expression of the recombinant FXs was confirmed by SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions of culture supernatant of BHK cells expressing the variant obtained in Example 5, and after transfer to PVDF membrane, reaction with an anti-human FX monoclonal antibody (FIG. 1). As a result, it was apparent that the variants with mutations at the asparagine-type glycosylation site, Asn181 and Asn191, were predominantly expressed as a two-chain protein. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An isolated or purified polynucleotide that encodes a modified Factor X polypeptide in which an Asn residue at position 181 and/or 191 has been substituted with an amino acid residue other than Asn, and wherein positions 181 and 191 correspond to positions 181 and 191 in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 2. An isolated or purified polynucleotide that encodes a modified Factor X polypeptide in which a Thr residue at position 159, 183, 193 and/or 443 has been substituted with an amino acid residue other than Thr or Ser, and wherein positions 159, 183, 193 and 443 correspond to positions 159, 183, 193 and 443 in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 3. A vector that comprises the polynucleotide sequence of claim
 1. 4. The vector of claim 3 that is an expression vector.
 5. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 3. 6. The host cell of claim 5 that is glycosylation-deficient.
 7. A method for making a two-chain, recombinant Factor X polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 5 under conditions suitable for expression of recombinant Factor X polypeptide, and recovering said recombinant Factor X polypeptide.
 8. The method of claim 7 that comprises recovering a recombinant Factor X polypeptide having a higher specific activity than that expressed by an otherwise identical host cell expressing an otherwise identical recombinant Factor X polypeptide in which the asparagine-type glycosylation site was not modified.
 9. The method of claim 7 that comprises recovering a recombinant Factor X polypeptide in a greater amount than the amount expressed by an otherwise identical host cell expressing recombinant Factor X polypeptide in which the asparagine-type glycosylation site was not modified.
 10. A vector that comprises the polynucleotide sequence of claim
 2. 11. The vector of claim 10 that is an expression vector.
 12. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 10. 13. The host cell of claim 12 that is glycosylation-deficient.
 14. A method for making a two-chain, recombinant Factor X polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 12 under conditions suitable for expression of recombinant Factor X polypeptide, and recovering said recombinant Factor X polypeptide.
 15. The method of claim 14 that comprises recovering a recombinant Factor X polypeptide having a higher specific activity than that expressed by an otherwise identical host cell expressing an otherwise identical recombinant Factor X polypeptide in which the asparagine-type glycosylation site was not modified.
 16. The method of claim 14 that comprises recovering a recombinant Factor X polypeptide in a greater amount than the amount expressed by an otherwise identical host cell expressing recombinant Factor X polypeptide in which the asparagine-type glycosylation site was not modified. 